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APA Style

References

A reference is a detailed description of an information source providing the author, the publication date, the title, and the location of the source. There are slight differences in the way these elements are presented depending on the type of source (i.e., book, article, etc.) you need to cite.

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples of book references.

Book

When you cite a book, begin the entry providing the last name(s) and initials of the author(s). Then give the year of publication. Continue with the title of the book italicized. If the book has an edition statement, this should be mentioned in parentheses next to the title. E.g., Technology and the future (10th ed.). Notice that you should not italicize the edition statement. Conclude the entry with the publisher of the book. If the book has a DOI, add it after the publisher. If the book is online, but does not have a DOI, add the book’s URL after the publisher.

With DOI

Online without DOI
  • Sykes, J. A. (1997). Library centers: Teaching information literacy, skills, and processes, K-6. Libraries Unlimited. https://rb.gy/5mpob7
Print or from database without DOI
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
  • Bowlby, J. (1998). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Routledge.

Book chapter/entry

When you cite a book chapter/entry, begin the reference with the author(s) of the chapter/entry and the year of publication of the book. Then, provide the title of the chapter. Continue with the preposition “In” followed by the editor’s name in normal order. Accompany the editor’s name with the abbreviation “Ed.” in parentheses. Provide the title of the book italicized, followed by the page numbers of the chapter in parentheses. Conclude the entry with the publisher of the book. If the book has a DOI, add it after the publisher. If the book is online, but does not have a DOI, add the book’s URL after the publisher.Treat encyclopedic entries as chapters in edited books.

Online with DOI

  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor's Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxx/xxx
Online without DOI
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor's Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. http://www.book_site.com
  • Daugherty, A. L. (2006). Finding historical information to prepare a speech. In D. Cook & N. Cooper (Eds.), Teaching information literacy skills to social sciences students and practitioners. (pp. 24–31). Association of College and Research Libraries. https://rb.gy/tzkjp3
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Print or from database without DOI
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor's Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher.
  • Furman, R. A. (1991). The father-child relationship. In S. I. Greenspan & G. H. Pollock (Eds.), The course of life: Middle and late childhood Vol. 3. (pp. 221–232). International Universities Press.

Book translated

When you cite a translated book, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the author(s) followed by the year of publication. Then give the title of the book italicized and followed by the translator's name accompanied by the abbreviation “Trans.” both enclosed in parentheses. Conclude the entry with the publisher of the book. If the book has a DOI, add it after the publisher. If the book is online, but does not have a DOI, add the book’s URL after the publisher.
  • Brinquire, J. C. (1980). Conversations with Jean Piaget (B. M. Gulati, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.

Book in multivolume work

When you cite a book, which is part of a multivolume work, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the author(s) followed by the year of publication. If the multivolume work has an umbrella title and separate titles for each volume, provide the umbrella title followed by the volume number and the title of the volume. If the multivolume work has one title for all volumes, provide the title of the work and the volume number. Conclude the entry with the publisher of the book. If the book has a DOI, add it after the publisher. If the book is online, but does not have a DOI, add the book URL after the publisher.

Book in a multivolume work with an umbrella title and separate titles for each volume

  • Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (1998). The handbook of social psychology: Vol. 1. Theory and method (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Book in a multivolume work with one title for all volumes
  • Doorslaer, L. V., & Gambier, Y. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of translation studies (Vol.1). John Benjamins Publishing.

Book in a non-Latin language

When you cite a book in a non-Latin language, you should treat it like any other book. However, transliterate the reference into the English alphabet and provide a translation of the title in English and enclosed in brackets after the transliterated title of the source. Consult the Chicago Manual of Style available at JSB Library or the ALA-LC Romanization Tables to romanize terms in a particular language.
  • Rapatzikou, T. (Ed). (2006). Ē Amerikanikē poiēsē stēn Ellada [American poetry in Greece]. Ellēnikē Etaireia Amerikanikōn Spoudōn [Hellenic Association for American Studies].

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples of article references.

Journal article

When you cite a journal article, begin the entry with the last name(s) and initials of the author(s), followed by the year of publication. Provide the title of the article. Continue with the title of the journal and the volume number both italicized, followed by the issue number in parentheses and the inclusive pages. If the article has a DOI, conclude the entry with the DOI. If the article is available online and does not have a DOI, provide the article’s URL.

With DOI

  • Levy, L. B. (2012). International opportunities for psychology students: Logistics, training, and ethical considerations. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027857
Online without DOI
Print or from database without DOI
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol.(Iss.), pp–pp.
  • Dickson, J. W. (1980). Perceptions of direct and indirect participation in British companies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(2), 226–232.

Magazine article

When you cite a magazine article, begin the entry with the last name(s) and initials of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. Then provide the title of the article. Continue with the title of the magazine and the volume both italicized and followed by the issue number (if any) and the inclusive pages (if any). If the article is online, but not from an academic database, conclude the entry with the URL of the article. Note that magazine articles have no DOI assigned.

Online

Print or from a database
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Vol.(Iss.), pp–pp.
  • Friedman, L. F. (2012, August). Kill the messenger: Intercepting runaway inflammation may be the best strategy for treating it. Psychology Today, 45(4), 38.

Newspaper article

When you cite a newspaper article, begin the entry with the last name(s) and initials of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. Then provide the title of the article. Continue with the title of the newspaper followed by the inclusive pages (if any). If your article appears on discontinuous pages, provide all page numbers separating them with commas (e.g., A4, A6, A9–A10). If the newspaper is online, but not in an academic database, conclude the entry with the URL of the article. Note that newspaper articles have no DOI assigned.

Online

Print or from a database
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pp–pp.
  • Lopresti, M., (2012, June 27). What price college football playoff? USA Today, B3.

Blog Post

When you cite a blog post, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the person, who posts the information, followed by the publication date of the posting. Continue with the title of the blog post. Conclude with the blog’s title and the URL of the blog post.

Article in a non-Latin language

When you cite an article in a non-Latin language, you should treat it like any other article. However, you should transliterate the reference into the English alphabet and provide a translation of the title in English and enclosed in brackets after the transliterated titles of the article and the journal. Consult the Chicago Manual of Style available at JSB Library or the ALA-LC Romanization Tables to romanize terms in a particular language.
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year/Date). Title of article transliterated [Title of article translated]. Title of Journal Transliterated [Title of Journal Translated], Vol.(Iss.), pp–pp. https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxxx
  • Roussakou, E., Babatsikou, F., Konsolaki, E., Chaitoudis, E., Zisimopoulos, A., & Koutis, C. (2017). Ypobathmisē tēs synchronēs ellēnikēs katoikias se epipedo syntērēsēs kai thermansēs logō tēs oikonomikēs krisēs [Economic crisis affects modern Greek house conditions: Maintenance and heating deterioration]. To Bēma tou Asklēpiou [Rostrum of Asclepius], 16(3), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.821624

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples of references based on the type of source you want to cite.

Webpage on a website

When you cite a webpage on a website, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the author(s) followed by the publication date of the webpage. Continue with the title of the webpage in italics. Conclude the entry with the title of the website and the URL of the webpage. If you need to cite an entire website, you just need to provide the address of the site in the text. You do not need to cite the source in the References. When the name of the author is the same with the name of the website, provide it only in the author's position.

Report

When you cite a report, begin the entry with the author of the report and the date of publication. Continue with the title of the report italicized. Add the report's number (if any) in parentheses next to the title, but do not italicize it. Conclude with the publisher of the report. If the publisher is also the author of the report, do not repeat the name in the publisher position. If the report has a DOI, add it after the publisher. If the report is available online, but does not have a DOI, provide the report’s URL.

Same publisher & author

  • Euromonitor International. (2012). Consumer lifestyles in Greece.
Different publisher & author
  • Staklis, S., & Horn, L. (2012). New Americans in postsecondary education: A profile of immigrant and second-generation American undergraduates (Report No. NCES 2012-13). National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012213.pdf

Conference paper

When you cite a conference paper, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the author(s) followed by the date of the conference. Continue with the title of the conference paper, followed by the bracketed description [Paper presentation]. Provide the conference name as well as where it took place. Conclude the entry with the DOI. If no DOI is available, conclude the entry with the URL of the source.
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Title of conference paper [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, City, US State (2-letter code)/Country (in full). https://doi.org/xx.xxxxx/xxx
  • Hancock, P. J. B., Burton, A. M., & Bruce, V. (1995, July). Preprocessing images of faces: Correlations with human perceptions of distinctiveness and familiarity [Paper presentation]. Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950755

Unpublished dissertation

When you cite a dissertation found on the web, begin the entry with the last name(s) and initials of the author(s) followed by the year of publication. Continue with the title of the dissertation italicized and followed by the bracketed description [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] or [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Add the name of the degree-granting institution. Conclude the entry with the URL of the source.
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Description]. Name of Degree-Granting Institution. http://www.site.com

Comment on post/article

When you cite a comment on a post/article, begin the entry with the last name and initials (or the screen name, if the real name is unavailable) of the person, who posts the information, followed by the publication date of the posting. Continue providing the comment title or up to 20 words of the actual comment followed by the bracketed description [Comment on the article "Title of article"]. Conclude the entry with the title of the periodical or the blog in italics, followed by the URL of the comment.
  • Author's Last Name, A. A./Author's Screen Name. (Date). Title of comment [Comment on "Title of article"]. Periodical or Blog. http://www.site.com
  • Falken, J. (2020, September 21). People will fly despite being sick as long as airlines do not allow them to change flights without large financial. [Comment on the article "Nearly 11,000 people have been exposed to the coronavirus on flights, the CDC says"]. The Washington Post. https://wapo.st/2Hq8n7o

Podcast

When you cite a podcast, provide the last name(s) and initials of the producer(s) or host(s) followed by the indication “Producer” or “Host” in parentheses. Then provide the publication date of the podcast. Continue with the title of the podcast followed by the bracketed description [Audio podcast]. Conclude the entry with the podcast service or radio program and the URL of the podcast.
  • Last Name, A. A. (Host). (Date). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Title of Podcast Service or Radio Program. http://www.site.com (if any)

Interview

A personal interview conducted by the researcher is a personal communication. This is why you should cite it only in the body of the paper (see In-text citations examples). However, if the demands of the course require that you cite the personal interview in the reference list, use one of the examples that follow.
  • Interviewee's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Title of interview/Interviewer: First Name Last Name.
  • Leventakou, F. (2013, June 7). The librarian's view about the impact of library instruction on undergraduate students at Deree College/Interviewer: Mary Soile.

– or –

  • Interviewee's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Interview by A. A. Interviewer's Last Name.
  • Leventakou, F. (2013, June 7). Interview by M. Soile.

Film

When you cite a film, begin the entry with the director's name. If the director is unknown, credit other contributors like the producer or writer. Continue with the release date of the film and the title of the film italicized and followed by the bracketed description [Film]. If the film is available in any kind of medium, include this in the bracketed description after the word film. Conclude the entry with the producer of the film.

Film

  • Director, A. A. (Director). (Release Date). Title of film [Film]. Production Company.
  • Coppola, F.F. (Director). (1972). The godfather [Film]. Paramount Pictures.
Film on DVD
  • Director, A. A. (Director). (Release Date). Title of film [Film; Medium of recording]. Production Company.
  • Fabian, R. (Director). (2008). Sexual stereotypes in the media [Film; DVD]. Films for the Humanities Sciences.

Video

When you cite a video, begin the entry with the uploader's name even if this is not the one, who has created the video. This will help your audience find the source. If you consider it necessary, you may place other contributor or presenter's name in the author's position. Continue with the date of publication. Provide the title of the video in italics followed by the bracketed description [Video]. Continue with the name of the video streaming service. If the source is available online and not from a database, add the URL of the source.

PowerPoint slides

When you cite PowerPoint slides, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the author(s) followed by the date . Continue with the title of the PowerPoint presentation followed by the bracketed description [PowerPoint slides]. Then, provide the classroom website, learning management system, or company intranet. Conclude the entry with the URL of the source.
  • Author's Last Name, A. A. (Date). Title of PowerPoint slides [PowerPoint slides]. Learning Management System. http://www.site.com

Lecture notes

When you cite lecture notes, begin the entry with the last name and initials of the lecturer(s) followed by the date of the lecture. Continue providing a description for the notes starting with the phrase “Lecture notes on ...” in brackets and not italicized. Conclude the entry with the name of the department followed by the name of the university and the URL of the source, if this is available.
  • Lecturer's Last Name, A. A. (Date). [Lecture notes on...]. Department Name, University Name. http://www.site.com (if any)
  • Leventakou, F. (2020, October 5). [Lecture notes on APA formatting]. John S. Bailey Library, Deree -The American College of Greece.

Episode in TV series

When you cite an episode in a television series, begin the entry with the writer and director's names. Add a descriptive label, such as “Writer” or “Director” in parentheses after the name(s). Continue with the date. Provide the title of the television series followed by the season and episode numbers in parentheses. Add the description [TV series episode] after the parenthetical information. Proceed with the preposition “In” followed by the producer's name, the title of the television series in italics, and the production company. Conclude the entry with the online network, on which you watched the television series and the URL of the service (if any).
  • Writer, A.A. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date). Title of episode (Season No., Episode No.) [TV series episode]. In A. A. Producer's Name (Producer), Title of TV Series. Production Company. http://www.site.com (if any)
  • Walley-Beckett, M. (Writer), Schnauz, T. (Writer), & Gilligan, V. (Director). (2008–2013). End times (Season 4, Episode 12) [TV series epiisode]. In B. Cranston (Producer), Breaking bad. High Bridge Productions. https://www.netflix.com/gr/.