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Chicago style

Chicago citations appear in a research paper as notes as well as and at the end of the paper as references to books, articles, or any other type of source you have used in your paper.

Citing with Chicago

Notes

Notes are detailed bibliographic citations of information sources that may appear as footnotes or endnotes. As their name suggests, footnotes appear at the foot of a page. In a journal, endnotes appear at the end of an article; in a book at the end of a chapter or at the back of the book. Notes are integrated into the text making interesting reading and allowing immediate knowledge of the sources.

Bibliographies

Bibliographies are alphabetical lists of all the sources from which you quoted, summarized or paraphrased an idea. They provide the authors, the titles, and the publication information of the sources. However, since full details of the sources are given in notes, Chicago style recommends that there could be several types of bibliographies that serve a particular purpose. The kinds of bibliographies can be:

  • Full bibliography: includes all works cited, it may include works consulted but not mentioned in the text.
  • Selected bibliography: includes the sources the author wishes to list.
  • Annotated bibliography: each source listed is followed by annotations.
  • Bibliographic essay: sources for which the author wishes to express his thoughts in a formal and orderly way.
  • List of works by one author: includes the works of a particular author arranged chronologically.

Book citations described with the Chicago style, basically, consist of three elements: the author, the title, and the publication information of the source. 

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples based on the type of book you want to cite or its special characteristics and find out how you should form the citation.

Book

When you cite a book, provide the name of the author in normal form. Reverse the author's name only in the bibliography entry. Continue providing the title of the book italicized and the publication information of the book. Include page numbers only in the notes entry. If page numbers are not available then provide the chapter. If you accessed the book online, conclude providing the DOI based URL when this is available. If a DOI is not available and you accessed the book from an online database, provide the name of the database. If you accessed the book from the web and the DOI is not available then conclude with the source URL.
Online database/web with DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p./chap. x, https://doi.org/xxxx.xxxxxx.

1. Haitham Hassanieh, The Sparse Fourier Transform: Theory and Practice (Illinois: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018), chap. 1, https://doi.org/10.1145/3166188.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, Title of Book (shorter version), p. or chap. x.

2. Hassanieh, The Sparse Fourier Transform, chap. 3.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. http://doi:xxxx.xxxxxx.

Hassanieh, Haitham. The Sparse Fourier Transform: Theory and Practice. Illinois: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1145/3166188.

Online database without DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p./chap. x, Title of Database.

1. Emmet John Sweeney, Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos (New York: Algora Publishing, 2009), 50, eBook Collection.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, Title of Book (shorter version), p. or chap. x.

2. Sweeney, Gods, Heroes and Tyrants, 62.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Title of Database.

Sweeney, Emmet John. Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos. New York: Algora Publishing, 2009. eBook Collection.

Online web without DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p./chap. x, http://www.site.com.

1.Virginia A. Walter and Elaine Mayers, Teens & Libraries: Getting It Right (Chicago: American Library Association, 2003), 36, https://books.google.gr/books?id=KLb-8MxP-9gC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad= 0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, Title of Book (shorter version), p./chap. x.

2. Walter and Mayers, Teens & Libraries, 50.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. http://www.site.com.

Walter, Virginia A., and Elaine Mayers. Teens & Libraries: Getting It Right. Chicago: American Library Association, 2003. https://books.google.gr/books?id=KLb-8MxP-9gC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad= 0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Print format
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p.

1. Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle Over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World (New York: Times Books, 2008), 62.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, Title of Book in a shorter version, p.

2. Waxman, Loot, 84.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Waxman, Sharon. Loot: The Battle Over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World. New York: Times Books, 2008.

Book chapter

When you cite a chapter in an edited book, provide the name of the author in normal form. Reverse the author's name only in the bibliography entry. Continue giving the title of the chapter in quotation marks followed by the word in, the title of the book italicized, the editor's name, and the publication information of the book. Page numbers should be mentioned in both entries. If you accessed the book online conclude providing the DOI based URL when this is available. If a DOI is not available and you accessed the book from an online database, provide the name of the database. If you accessed the book from the web and the DOI is not available then, conclude with the source URL.
Online database/web with DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p., https://doi.org/xxxx.xxxxxx.

1. Randi Rolvsjord. "Resource-Oriented Perspectives in Music Therapy," in The Oxford Handbook of Music Therapy, ed. Jane Edwards (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 41-55, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.5.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Title of Chapter (shorter version)," p.

2. Rolvsjord. "Resource-Oriented Perspectives," 53.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's Firstname Lastname, pp-pp. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxxx.xxxxxx.

Rolvsjord, Randi. "Resource-Oriented Perspectives in Music Therapy." In The Oxford Handbook of Music Therapy, edited by Jane Edwards, 41-55. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.5.

Online database without DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p., Title of Database.

1. Annie Chrietzberg. "Textured Cups," in Ceramic Projects: Forming Techniques, ed. Turner Anderson (Westerville, OH: The American Ceramic Society, 2010), 43, eBook Collection.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Title of Chapter (shorter version)," p.

2. Chrietzberg. "Textured Cups," 53.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's Firstname Lastname, pp-pp. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Title of Database.

Chrietzberg, Annie. "Textured Cups." In Ceramic Projects: Forming Techniques, edited by Turner Anderson, 41-55. Westerville, OH: The American Ceramic Society, 2010. eBook Collection.

Online web without DOI
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p., http://www.site.com.

1. Gibson, Craig. "The History of Information Literacy," in Information Literacy Instruction Handbook, ed. Christofer N. Cox, and Elizabeth Blakesley Lindsay (Chicago: Association of College & Research Libraries, 2008), 13, https://books.google.gr/books?id=by5H8n4PE4QC&printsec= frontcover&dq=information+literacy&hl=el&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q= information%20literacy&f=false.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Title of Chapter (shorter version)," p.

2. Craig, "The History of Information Literacy," 17.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's Firstname Lastname, pp-pp. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. http://www.site.com.

Gibson, Craig. "The History of Information Literacy." In Information Literacy Instruction Handbook, edited by Christofer N. Cox, and Elizabeth Blakesley Lindsay, 10-25. Chicago: Association of College & Research Libraries, 2008. https://books.google.gr/books?id=by5H8n4PE4QC&printsec= frontcover&dq=information+literacy&hl=el&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q= information%20literacy&f=false.

Print format
In notes

First citation

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), p.

1. Nicos Hadjinicolaou, "El Greco Invested with Nationalist Ideologies," in El Greco: Identity and Transformation: Crete, Italy, Spain, ed. Jose Alvarez Lopera (Madrid: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 1999), 55.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Title of Chapter (shorter version)," p.

2. Hadjinicolaou, "El Greco Nationalist," 67.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First name Last name, pp-pp. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Hadjinicolaou, Nicos. "El Greco Invested with Nationalist Ideologies." In El Greco: Identity and Transformation: Crete, Italy, Spain, edited by Jose Alvarez Lopera, 55-81. Madrid: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, 1999.

Encyclopedia Entry

When you cite an authored encyclopedia entry provide the name of the author in normal form. Reverse the author's name only in the bibliography entry. Continue providing the title of the entry in quotation marks followed by the word in, the title of the book italicized, the editor's name, and the publication information of the book. Page numbers are mentioned both in notes and bibliography entries if they are available. If you accessed the encyclopedia entry online from the library's databases, conclude providing the DOI based URL when this is available. If a DOI is not available and you accessed the book from an online database, provide the name of the database. If you accessed the book from the web and the DOI is not available then, conclude with the source URL.

When you cite entries with no particular author from well-known reference works, such as the Encylopedia Britannica or Grove Music Online cite them in notes rather than in bibliographies. For more info on how to cite major reference works consult paragraphs 14.232, 14.233, and 14.234 of the Chicago Manual.

Online database/web with DOI
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Entry," in Title of Encyclopedia, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), https://doi.org/xxxx.xxxxxx.

1. Darlene L. Brooks Hedstrom, "Archaeology of Early Christianity in Egypt", in The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology, ed. William R. Caraher (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.21.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Entry." In Title of Encyclopedia, edited by Editor's First name Last name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxxx.xxxxxx.

Brooks Hedstrom, Darlene L. "Archaeology of Early Christianity in Egypt." In The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology, edited by William R. Caraher. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.21.

Online database without DOI
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Entry," in Title of Encyclopedia, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), Database Name.

1. Laurie Woodard, "Gospel Music," in Encyclopedia of African American Society, ed. Gerald D. Jaynes (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005), Credo Reference.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Entry." In Title of Encyclopedia, edited by Editor's First name Last name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name.

Woodard, Laurie. "Gospel Music." In Encyclopedia of African American Society, edited by Gerald D. Jaynes. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. Credo Reference.

Online web without doi & author
In notes

x. Title of Reference Work, s.v. "Title of Entry," accessed Month Date, Year, https://xxxx.xxxxxx.

1. Merriam-Webster, s.v."eloquent," accessed February 12, 2019, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eloquent#other-words.

Well-known reference works, such as the Encylopedia Britannica or Grove Music Online are normally cited in notes rather than in bibliographies. In such a case you can also provide the access date of the source. The entry should also be preceded by the initials s.v. from the latin words sub verbo meaning under the word.

Print format
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Entry," in Title of Encyclopedia, ed. Editor's First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication).

2. Ebba Koch, "Taj Mahal: Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India," in Encyclopedia of Gardens: History and Design, ed. Candice A. Shoemaker (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001).

In bibliography

Author's Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Entry." In Title of Encyclopedia, edited by Editor's First name Last name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Koch, Ebba. "Taj Mahal: Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India." In Encyclopedia of Gardens: History and Design, edited by Candice A. Shoemaker. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001.

Article citations described with the Chicago style, basically consist of three elements: the author, the title, and the publication information of the source.

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples based on the type of article you want to cite or its special characteristics and find out how you should form the citation.

Journal Article

When you cite a journal article, provide the name of the author in normal order. Reverse the author's name only in the bibliography entry. Continue providing the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the periodical italicized, followed by volume and issue numbers, the publication date and pages. If you accessed the journal article online, conclude providing the DOI based URL when this is available. If a DOI is not available and you accessed the article from an online database, provide the name of the database. If you accessed the article from the web and the DOI is not available then conclude with the source URL.
Online database/web with DOI
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal Volume, no.x (Publication Date): p., https://doi.org/xxxxxx.

8. Salah M. Hassan, "African Modernism: Beyond Alternative Modernities Discourse," South Atlantic Quarterly 109, no. 3 (Summer 2010): 451, https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2010-001.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.

9. Hassan, "African Modernism", 452.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. x (Publication Date): pp-pp. https://doi.org/xxxxxx.

Hassan, Salah M. "African Modernism: Beyond Alternative Modernities Discourse." South Atlantic Quarterly 109, no. 3 (Summer 2010): 451-53. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2010-001.

Online database without DOI
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal Volume, no.x (Publication Date): p., Database Name.

8. William Parker, “Laurence Binyon, Walter Pater, and the Art of the Book: Judging Aesthetes by Their Covers,” English Literature in Transition 61, no. 4 (2018): 478, Academic Search Premier.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.

9. Parker, "Laurence Binyon", 490.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. x (Publication Date): pp-pp. Database Name.

Parker, William. “Laurence Binyon, Walter Pater, and the Art of the Book: Judging Aesthetes by Their Covers.” English Literature in Transition 61, no. 4 (2018): 475-495. Academic Search Premier.

Online web without DOI
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal Volume no.x (Publication Date): p., https://www.site.com.

8. Cedric VanEenoo, "Minimalism in Art and Design: Concept, Influences, Implications and Perspectives," Journal of Fine and Studio Art 2, no. 1 (June 2011): 9, https://academicjournals.org/journal/JFSA/article-full-text-pdf/3A668BC6040.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.

9. VanEenoo, "Minimalism in Art," 11.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. x (Publication Date): pp-pp. https://www.site.com.

VanEenoo, Cedric. "Minimalism in Art and Design: Concept, Influences, Implications and Perspectives." Journal of Fine and Studio Art 2, no. 1 (June 2011): 7-12. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JFSA/article-full-text-pdf/3A668BC6040.

Print format
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal Volume no. x (Publication Date): p.

7. Vasilis Politis, "What Do the Arguments in the Protagoras Amount to?," Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy 57, no. 3 (2012): 211.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.

8. Politis, "What Do the Arguments," 220.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. x (Publication Date): pp-pp.

Politis, Vasilis. "What Do the Arguments in the Protagoras Amount to?" Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy 57, no. 3 (2012): 209-39.

Magazine Article

When you cite a magazine article this is usually described only in notes. Provide the name of the author in normal order. Continue with the title of the article in quotation marks, followed by the title of the magazine italicized. Continue with the publication date of the source. Omit any volume or issue numbers even if they are available. Provide the page number if any. If you accessed the article from an online database, conclude the entry with the name of the database. If you accessed the magazine article from the web conclude with the source URL. If you want to include a citation in the bibliography as well, cite the magazine article as you would normally do for journal articles.
Online database
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, Publication Date, Title of Database.

8. Shirley Laird, “Cubism with a Scheme,” Arts & Activities, March 2008, 35, Education Full Text.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.(if any)

9. Laird, “Cubism with a Scheme,” 36.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Publication Date, pp-pp (if any). Title of Database.

Laird,Shirley. “Cubism with a Scheme.” Arts & Activities, March 2008, 35-37. Education Full Text.

Online web
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, Publication Date, https://www.site.com.

10. Thirza Wakefield, "Albert Finney Obituary: Aan Icon Who Stayed True," Sight & Sound Magazine, February 2019, https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/comment/obituaries/albert-finney-nottingham-icon-graceful-actor-gracious-collaborator.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p. (if any)

11. Wakefield, "Albert Finney Obituary."

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Publication Date. https://www.site.com.

Wakefield, Thirza. "Albert Finney Obituary: Aan Icon Who Stayed True." Sight & Sound Magazine, February 2019. https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/comment/obituaries/albert-finney-nottingham-icon-graceful-actor-gracious-collaborator.

Print
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, Publication Date.

8. Alice Rawsthorn, "Artictic Excellence," Architectural Digest, January 2019, 50.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p. (if any).

9. Rawsthorn, "Artictic Excellence," 51.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Publication Date.

Rawsthorn, Alice. "Artictic Excellence." Architectural Digest, January 2019, 50-51.

Newspaper Article

When you cite a newspaper article this is usually described only in the notes. Provide the name of the author in normal order. Continue with the title of the article in quotation marks, followed by the title of the newspaper italicized. Continue with the publication date of the source. Omit any volume or issue numbers even if they are available. Provide the page number if any. If you accessed the article from an online database, conclude the entry with the name of the database. If you accessed the newspaper article from the web conclude with the source URL. If you want to include a citation in the bibliography as well, cite the newspaper article as you would normally do for journal articles.
Online database
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Publication Date, p.(if any), Database Name.

7. Hunter R. Rawlings, "Stop Defending the Liberal Arts,"Chronicle of Higher Education, December 21, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.(if any).

8. Rawlings, "Stop Defending."

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Publication date, pp-pp.(if any). Database Name.

Rawlings, Hunter R. "Stop Defending the Liberal Arts." Chronicle of Higher Education, December 21, 2017. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Online web
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Publication Date, https://www.site.com.

7. Michael Kimmelman, "Elgin Marble Argument in a New Light,"New York Times, June 23, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/arts/design/24abroad.html.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.(if any).

8. Kimmelman, "Elgin Marble Argument."

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Publication date. https://www.site.com.

Kimmelman, Michael, "Elgin Marble Argument in a New Light,"New York Times, June 23, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/arts/design/24abroad.html.

Print
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, Publication Date.

8. Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, "Door-to-Door Fight Against Facebook Rumors," New York Times International Edition, Febraury 15, 2019.

Subsequent citations

x. Author's Last name, "Short Version of Article Title," p.(if any).

9. Fisher and Taub, "Door-to-Door Fight."

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Publication Date.

Fisher, Max and Amanda Taub. "Door-to-door Fight Against Facebook Rumors." The New York Times International Edition, Febraury 15, 2019.

Website citations or citations of any other type of source described with the Chicago style, basically consist of three elements: the author, the title, and the publication information of the source.

Click on the collapsible panel to see examples based on the type of source you want to cite and find out how you should form the citation.

Website

When you cite a webpage provide the title of the webpage in quotation marks, the title of the website followed by the owner or sponsor of the website. Provide also the last modified or revision date of the page. If such a date is not available provide the date of access. Conclude the entry with the source URL.

Citations of webpage content are often cited only in the notes. However, if a work has no notes you could include the citation in the bibliography. In this case begin the entry of the bibliography with the website owner or sponson and then provide the rest of the elements.

In notes

x."Title or description of Webpage," Title of Website, Owner/Sponsor of Website, updated or last modified or revised or accessed Month x, xxxx, https://www.site.com.

13. "The American Revolution Timeline," Library of Congress, Congress.gov, accessed February 18, 2019, https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/the-american-revolution/.

In bibliography

Owner/Sponsor of Website. "Title or description of Webpage." Title of Website. Last modified Month x, xxxx/Revision Date. https://www.site.com.

Congress.gov. "The American Revolution Timeline." Library of Congress. Accessed February 18, 2019, https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/the-american-revolution/.

Blog post

When you cite a blog post provide the name of the author. Continue providing the title of the blog post in quotation marks. Continue with the title of the blog in italics followed by the word "blog" in parenthesis and the title of the publication in italics. Provide also the date of the blog post. Conclude the entry with the source URL. Citations of blogs or blog posts are often cited only in the notes. However, if a work has no notes you could include the citation in the bibliography.
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Blog Post," Title of Blog (blog) Title of Publication, Publication Date, https://www.site.com.

10. Geoffrey Pullum, "How Writing to Deadlines Can Hold Your Life Together," Lingua Franca(blog), The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 18, 2018, https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2018/12/18/how-writing-to-deadlines-can-hold-your-life-together/.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Blog Post." Title of Blog (blog). Title of Publication. Publication Date. https://www.site.com.

Pullum, Geoffrey. "How Writing to Deadlines Can Hold Your Life Together." Lingua Franca (blog). The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 18, 2018. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2018/12/18/how-writing-to-deadlines-can-hold-your-life-together/.

Tweet message

When you cite social media content provide the name of the author. List the real name if known, followed by a screen name (if any) in parenthesis. Continue providing the text of the post in quotation marks. Provide the name of the social media service and include a description if relevant. Provide the date of the post. Conclude the entry with the source URL. Citations of posts posts are often cited only in the notes. However, if a work has no notes you could include the citation in the bibliography.
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name (online username if any), "Title of Post," Name of Social Media Service, Publication Date, https://www.site.com.

10. The Independent (@Independent), "The threat level of terrorism around the world in one map," Tweeter, July 17, 2016, https://twitter.com/Independent/status/754807162749149184.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name (online username if any). "Title of post." Name of Social Media Service, Publication Date. https://www.site.com.

The Independent (@Independent). "The threat level of terrorism around the world in one map." Tweeter, July 17, 2016. https://twitter.com/Independent/status/754807162749149184.

Report

When you cite a report, provide the name of the author in normal form. Reverse the author's name only in the bibliography entry. Continue providing the title of the report italicized and the publication information of the report. If you accessed the online, conclude providing the URL of the source. If you accessed the report from an online database, provide the name of the database.
Online web
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Report Publisher, Date of Publication, p., https://www.site.com.

1. Sandra Staklis and Laura Horn, Statistics in Brief: New American in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Immigrant and Second-Generation American Undergraduates, U.S. Department of Education, July 2012, 5, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012213.pdf.

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication, pp.-pp. https://www.site.com.

Staklis, Sandra and Laura Horn. Statistics in Brief: New American in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Immigrant and Second-Generation American Undergraduates. U.S. Department of Education, July 2012, 5. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012213.pdf.

Online database
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, Title of Report (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication)(if any), p./chap. x,(if any) Database Name.

1.Euromonitor International, Consumer lifestyles in Greece (2012), Passport.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name.

Euromonitor International. Consumer lifestyles in Greece. 2012. Passport.

Dissertation

When you cite a thesis or a dissertation provide the name of the author reversed only in the bibliography entry. Continue providing the title in quotation marks followed by the phrase PhD diss. or master's thesis, the name of the granding institution and the submission date. Conclude the entry with the source URL. For documents retrieved from databases conclude with the name of the database and any identification number provided by the database.
Online web
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Thesis," (PhD diss., Name of Granding Institution, Submittion Date, page, https://www.site.com.

10. Rodney G. Birch, "The Impact of Information Literacy Instruction on the Library Anxiety and Information Competency of Graduate Students," (PhD diss., Olivet Nazarene University, 2012), 86, http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=edd_diss.

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Thesis." Name of Social Media Service, Publication Date. https://www.site.com.

Birch, Rodney G. "The Impact of Information Literacy Instruction on the Library Anxiety and Information Competency of Graduate Students." PhD diss., Olivet Nazarene University, 2012. http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=edd_diss.

 

Online database abstract
In notes

x. Author's First name Last name, "Title of Thesis," abstract(PhD diss., Name of Granding Institution, Submittion Date, page, Database Name (identification number).

10. Samantha Friedman. "The Impact of Parental Divorce on the Marital Attitudes and Intimacy of Adults and Children of Divorce," abstract (PhD diss., Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, 2012), 4350,PsychINFO (2012-99020-267).

In bibliography

Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Thesis." abstract(PhD diss., Name of Granding Institution, Submittion Date, p.Database Name (identification number).

Friedman, Samantha. "The Impact of Parental Divorce on the Marital Attitudes and Intimacy of Adults and Children of Divorce." abstract PhD diss., Olivet Nazarene University, 2012. 4350. PsychINFO (2012-99020-267).

Image

When you cite an image accessed online from the library's databases, give the creator's name and the title of work. Proceed with the date the source was accessed, the name of database and any identification number of the image.
In notes

x. Creator's First name Last name, Title of Work, accessed Month x, xxxx, Database Name (Identification Number).

15. Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, accessed July 12, 2012, ARTstor (40-07-02/1).

In bibliography

Creator's Last name, First name. Title of Work. Accessed Month x, xxxx. Database Name (Identification Number).

Da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. Accessed July 12, 2012. ARTstor (40-07-02/1).